Susan de Gaia - Writer and Teacher
editor of ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WOMEN IN WORLD RELIGIONS: FAITH AND CULTURE ACROSS HISTORY
Organized by religion, this work covers women and the feminine in African Religions, Ancient Religions, Baha’i, Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Taoism, Hinduism, Indigenous Religions, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Paganism, Prehistoric Religions, Shinto, Sikhism, and Spirituality.
Article topics under each religion include women's art, worship, rituals, religious leadership and organization, social and environmental issues, the feminine divine, women's and feminist movements in religion, and much more. The work focuses on: 1) Ways in which women live and have lived their faith – their activities, movements, leadership, and contributions 2) Expectations, perceptions, and images of women according to scripture, tradition, and organizational structures 3) Ways that religions view and have viewed women as exemplifying divine or ideal attributes |
World Religion Education Promotes Peace and Understanding
The study of World Religions helps us see both the universality of religious phenomena and the diversity of its expression across time and space. It increases cultural competence, awareness of the diversity of culture and social organization around the world, past and present. World Religion education provides students the experience of guided discussion in culturally diverse groups, in an environment of self expression and mutual respect. When we place importance on this in our universities, we come one step closer to mutual understanding and world peace.
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Visiting a temple, synagogue, mosque, or other
religious site can be an amazing experience
I took these pictures on a visit to the Kauai Hindu Monastery. A small temple building (lower pictures above) is in use while the large stone Iraivan Temple is under construction.
I was not able to enter the large stone temple under construction, but I did sit inside the small building, which was in use as a meditation area. It houses the largest crystal in the world, a glowing 600 pound Shiva lingam, which is quite amazing.
When making a religious site visit, it is important to respect local customs. It helps to call ahead and ask how one should dress and behave.
I was not able to enter the large stone temple under construction, but I did sit inside the small building, which was in use as a meditation area. It houses the largest crystal in the world, a glowing 600 pound Shiva lingam, which is quite amazing.
When making a religious site visit, it is important to respect local customs. It helps to call ahead and ask how one should dress and behave.
Author-Title List
AFRICAN RELIGIONS
African Religions in Diaspora - Arisika Razak
Art in Africa - Arisika Razak
Body Art - Allison Hahn
Candomblé - Malgorzata Oleszkiewicz-Peralba
Female Genital Mutilation - Victoria Team
Life-Cycle Ceremonies - Allison Hahn
Priestesses and Oracular Women - Max Dashú
Rastafari - Allison Hahn
Yoruba Religion - Mackenzie J. Finley
ANCIENT RELIGIONS
Athena - Kristan Ewin Foust
Daily Lives of Women-Greek Roman - Kristan Ewin Foust
Delphic Oracle - Gary Kerley
Diana - Chance Bonar
Egyptian Religion - Kristan Ewin Foust
Eleusinian Mysteries - Morgan Shipley
Gaia - Morgan Shipley
Gorgon Medusa - Joan Marler
Homosexuality - Chance Bonar
Hypatia (ca. 351-ca. 415) - Vivianne Crowley
Inanna - Kristan Ewin Foust
Marriage, Ancient Greek and Roman Religions - Kristan Ewin Foust
Mesopotamian Religion - Therese Rodin
Ninhursaga Mother Goddess - Therese Rodin
Ninlil - Therese Rodin
Pre-Greek Goddesses in the Greek Pantheon - Harald Haarmann
Priestesses and Their Staff in Ancient Greece - Harald Haarmann
Religious Leadership, Ancient Roman Religions - Lewis Webb
Sappho (ca. 630-ca. 570) - Carol P. Christ
Shamans in East Asia - Max Dashú
Sibyls - Kenneth Atkinson
Sun Goddess - Harald Haarmann
Writers and Poets, Ancient Mesopotamian - Therese Rodin
BAHA'I
Baha'i_Education - Selena Crosson
Divine Feminine - Susan Stiles Maneck
Gender Roles - Lynn Echevarria
Tahirih - Susan Stiles Maneck
Women in Baha'i Scriptures - Susan Stiles Maneck
BUDDHISM
Abortion - Brigitte H. Bechtold
Bodhisattvas - Brigitte H. Bechtold
Buddhism in the United States - Beverly McGuire
Dance - Miranda Shaw
Dance of Tara - Susan de-Gaia; Phyllis Moses
Engaged Buddhism - Brigitte H. Bechtold
Female Divinities - Miranda Shaw
Feminine Virtues - Pascale Engelmajer
Funeral Practices - Julie Remoiville
Gender Roles - Brigitte H. Bechtold
Guan Yin - Emily B. Simpson
Lay Women in Theravada Buddhism - Pascale Engelmajer
Mahayana - Tyler A. Lehrer
Nuns, Theravada - Roy C. Amore
Ordination - Brigitte H. Bechtold
Pajapati - Kenneth Lee
Prajnaparamita - Miranda Shaw
Sacred Texts on Women - Kenneth Lee
Soka Gakkai - James Harry Morris
Tantra - Kenneth Lee; Miranda Shaw
Tara - Miranda Shaw
Tea Ceremony - Kenneth Lee
Therigatha - Roy C. Amore
Women in Early Buddhism - Roy C. Amore
Women's Buddhist Networks - Tyler A. Lehrer
Zen - Paola Cavaliere
CHRISTIANITY
Abbesses - N. K. Crown
Abortion - Brigitte H. Bechtold
African American Women - Emily Bailey
Anglican/Episcopalian Women Religious - Amanda Haste
Apocrypha - Stephanie Peek
Art, Modern and Contemporary - Hannah Sachs
Charity - Carole Ganim
Chastity - Amanda Haste
Christianity in Africa - Allison Hahn
Christianity in Europe - Judit Erika Magyar
Christianity in Latin America - Rebecca C. Bartel
Christianity in the United States - Nicol Nixon Augusté
Christine de Pizan (ca. 1364-ca. 1430) - Bernadette McNary-Zak
Clothing - Karin J. Bohleke
Education - N. K. Crown
“The Fall” - Morgan Shipley
Founders of Christian Denominations - Amy B. Voorhees
Fundamentalism - Mary Ruth Sanders
Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) - Vivianne Crowley
Homosexuality in Early to Early Modern Christianity - Charles Carroll
Interfaith Dialogue Post 9/11, Christian and Muslim Women - Marsha Snulligan Haney
Julian of Norwich (ca. 1342-ca. 1416) - Amanda Wrenn Allen
Marriage, Divorce, and Widowhood - Amanda Haste
Mary Magdalene (ca. first century CE) - Susan de-Gaia
Middle Ages - Katherine Clark Walter
Ministers - Mary Ruth Sanders
Missionaries - Maria Gabryszewskaa
Monastic Life - Amanda Haste
Monasticism, Contemporary Women - Amanda Haste
Monasticism, Medieval Women - Carole Ganim
Mormonism - William E. Burns
Mother of God - Patricia A. Clark
Mystics - Amanda Haste; Susan de-Gaia
Orthodox Christianity - Judit Erika Magyar
Pilgrimage - N. K. Crown
Polygamy - Daniel N. Gullotta
Protestant Denominations - Mary Ruth Sanders
Relationship and Social Models in Scripture, Archaeology, and History - Riane Eisler
Roman Catholic Women Religious - Carole Ganim
Saints - Katherine Clark Walter
Sex and Gender - Katherine Clark Walter
Sophia - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Stigmatics - Cassandra Painter
Widowhood - Katherine Clark Walter
Women in Early Christianity (1 to 300 CE) - Marzia Anna Coltri
Women in the Reformation - Adam W. Darlage
Women Writers in Early and Medieval Christianity - Katherine Clark Walter
CONFUCIANISM
Books for Women - Susan de-Gaia
Classical Confucianism - Lukas K. Danner
Confucian Revivalism - Julia McClenon
Cult of Female Chastity - Josianne Leah Campbell
Feminine Virtues - Josianne Leah Campbell
Filial Piety - Yue Du
Motherhood - Julie Remoiville
Women's Changing Roles - Julie Remoiville
DAOISM
Daoism in China - Liang Zhu
Goddesses - Todd LeRoy Perreira
Healers - Julia McClenon
Priestesses, Nuns, and Ordination - Todd LeRoy Perreira
Wu Wei and the Feminine - Julia McClenon
HINDUISM
Aditi - Josianne Leah Campbell
Bhakti - Akshaya K. Rath
Caste - Deepra Dandekar
Dance - Rasheda Parveen
Devadasis - Deepra Dandekar
Devi - T. Nicole Goulet
Draupadi - Komal Agarwal
Durga and Kali - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Festivals - Laura Amazzone
Fundamentalism - T. Nicole Goulet
Gurus and Saints - Monolina Bhattacharyya
Household Shrines - Deepra Dandekar
Ideals of Womanhood - Deepra Dandekar
Lakshmi - Semontee Mitra
Marriage - Semontee Mitra
Matriliny - Akshaya K. Rath
Pilgrimage - Laura Amazzone
Prakriti - Semontee Mitra
Radha and Gopi Girls - Race MoChridhe
Renunciation - T. Nicole Goulet
Sacred Texts on Women - Semontee Mitra
Saraswati - T. Nicole Goulet
Sati - John Capucci
Shakti - Laura Amazzone
Stage-of-Life Rituals - Rupa Pillai
Tantra - Pawan Kumar
Vedic Hinduism - Komal Agarwal
Yoginis - Laura Amazzone
INDIGENOUS RELIGIONS
Activism (Native American) - Morgan Shipley
Ancestors (Native American) - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Arts (Native American) - Beata Anton
Ceremonies (Native American) - Beata Anton
Clothing (Native American) - Beata Anton
Creation Stories (Native American) - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Kinship (Native American) - Dale Stover
Marriage and Social Status (Native American) - Beata Anton
Matriarchies - Barbara Alice Mann
Medicine Women (Native American) - Morgan Shipley
Nature (Native American) - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Sacred Place (Native American) - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Sacred Spirits (Native American) - Beata Anton
Shamanism in Eurasian cultures - Harald Haarmann
Shamans in Korea - Laurel Kendall
Women Warriors (Native American) - David Dry
ISLAM
Coverings - Sana Tayyen
Diaspora - Valentina Fedele
Druze Religion - Yusri Khaizran
Education - Ali A. Olomi
Fatima (605/615-632 CE) - Valentina Fedele
Female Genital Mutilation - Victoria Team
Feminism - Rannveig Haga
Hagar - Sana Tayyen
Hawwa - Tamara Agha-Jaffar
Honor - Barbara Lois Helms
Ideal Woman - Elisabetta Iob
Islam in Africa - Lady Jane Acquah
Islam in America - Alexandra Méabh Brandon
Islam in Europe - Adriana Teodorescu
Islam in the Middle East - Farhana Rahman
Marriage and Divorce - Sana Tayyen
Maryam - Tamara Agha-Jaffar
Peacemaking - Lailatul Fitriyah
Pilgrimage - Sana Tayyen
Polygamy - Farhana Rahman
Prophets Wives - Farhana Rahman
Purdah - Farhana Rahman
Qur'an and Hadith - Farhana Rahman
Reform - Sana Tayyen
Saints, Sufi - Barbara Lois Helms
Shari'a - Sana Tayyen
Sufism - Shahida
Women's Organizations - Sana Tayyen
JAINISM
Female Deities - Semontee Mitra
Jina - Gregory M. Clines
Lay Women - Susan de-Gaia
Monastics and Nuns - Gregory M. Clines
Ritual - Asha Mukherjee
JUDAISM
American Denominations: 1850 to Present - Susan Roth Breitzer
Ancient Judaism - Kenneth Atkinson
Art - Hannah Sachs
Bat Mitzvah Penina Adelman
Education - Lena Roos
Feminist and Women's Movements - Ruth Margolies Beitler
Festivals and Holy Days - John W. Fadden
Food - Lena Roos
Goddesses - Rabbi Jill Hammer
Hasidism - Morgan Shipley
Hebrew Bible - John W. Fadden
Holocaust - Rochelle G. Saidel
Israel - Ruth Margolies Beitler
Judaism in Europe - Lena Roos
Judaism in the United States - Susan Roth Breitzer
Kabbalah - Morgan Shipley
Lilith - Kohennet D'vorah J. Grenn
Marriage and Divorce - Ruth Margolies Beitler
Midrash - Sandy Eisenberg Sasso
Mitzvah - Rabbi Ilana Goldhaber-Gordon
Modern and Contemporary Judaism - Susan Roth Breitzer
Peacemaking - Adele Valeria Messina
Performance - Julia Pascal
Priestesses - Kohennet D'vorah J. Grenn
Rabbis - John W. Fadden
Rosh Hodesh - Susan Berrin
Salome Alexandra (d. 67 BCE) - Kenneth Atkinson
Sephardic and Mizrachi Judaisms - Lena Roos
Sex and Gender - Lena Roos
Shabbat (Sabbath) - Amy L. Balogh
Synagogue - Hannah Mayne
Women and Work - Susan Roth Breitzer
PAGANISM
Druidry - Race MoChridhe
Eco-Paganism - Clara Schoonmaker
Heathenry - Race MoChridhe
Magic - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Paganism - Race MoChridhe
Priestesses and Elders - Race MoChridhe
Reconstructionist Paganism - William E. Burns
Ritual - Ruth Barrett
Seasonal Festivals - Michelle Claire White
Wicca - Vivianne Crowley
PREHISTORIC RELIGIONS
Burials - Allison Hahn
Crete Religion and Culture - Carol P. Christ
Gimbutas, Marija (1921-1994) and Religions of Old Europe - Joan Marler
Guardian Spirits in Eurasian cultures - Harald Haarmann
Neolithic Female Figures - Miriam Robbins Dexter
Sacred Script - Harald Haarmann
Shamanism - Allison Hahn
Upper Paleolithic Female Figures - Miriam Robbins Dexter
Women in Prehistoric Religious Practices - Joan Marler
SHINTO
Amaterasu Omikami - Emily B. Simpson
Feminine Virtues - Judit Erika Magyar
Filial Piety - Judit Erika Magyar
Founders of New Religious Movements - Paola Cavaliere
Kami - Emily B. Simpson
Kinship and Marriage - Judit Erika Magyar
Priestesses - Emily B. Simpson
Shamans and Ritualists - Emily B. Simpson
Shinto Weddings - Judit Erika Magyar
State Shinto - Judit Erika Magyar
Tenrikyo - Paola Cavaliere
SIKHISM
Art and Performance - Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh
Feminist Issues in Sikhism - Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh
Guru Period - Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh
Ritual and Festival, Women's' Roles - Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh
Sikh Scripture and Women - Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh
SPIRITUALITY
Art and Performance - Lauren Raine
Astrology - William E. Burns
Deep Ecology - Rachel York-Bridgers
Divination - Morgan Shipley
Drumming - Annette Williams
Ecofeminism - Susan de-Gaia
Goddess Spirituality - Patricia Rose
Green Funerals - Aubrey Thamann
Healers - Jennifer Butler
Kirtan - Emily Bailey
Meditation - Susan de-Gaia
Pilgrimage, Goddess - Carol P. Christ
Radical Women's Spirituality - Vicki Noble
Sex and Gender - Katherine Clark Walter
Sheela na gigs - Starr Goode
Spiritualism - William E. Burns
Spirituality and Gender in Social Context - Riane Eisler
Syncretism - Emily Bailey
Women of Color - Arisika Razak
Yoga - Rachel York-Bridgers
AFRICAN RELIGIONS
African Religions in Diaspora - Arisika Razak
Art in Africa - Arisika Razak
Body Art - Allison Hahn
Candomblé - Malgorzata Oleszkiewicz-Peralba
Female Genital Mutilation - Victoria Team
Life-Cycle Ceremonies - Allison Hahn
Priestesses and Oracular Women - Max Dashú
Rastafari - Allison Hahn
Yoruba Religion - Mackenzie J. Finley
ANCIENT RELIGIONS
Athena - Kristan Ewin Foust
Daily Lives of Women-Greek Roman - Kristan Ewin Foust
Delphic Oracle - Gary Kerley
Diana - Chance Bonar
Egyptian Religion - Kristan Ewin Foust
Eleusinian Mysteries - Morgan Shipley
Gaia - Morgan Shipley
Gorgon Medusa - Joan Marler
Homosexuality - Chance Bonar
Hypatia (ca. 351-ca. 415) - Vivianne Crowley
Inanna - Kristan Ewin Foust
Marriage, Ancient Greek and Roman Religions - Kristan Ewin Foust
Mesopotamian Religion - Therese Rodin
Ninhursaga Mother Goddess - Therese Rodin
Ninlil - Therese Rodin
Pre-Greek Goddesses in the Greek Pantheon - Harald Haarmann
Priestesses and Their Staff in Ancient Greece - Harald Haarmann
Religious Leadership, Ancient Roman Religions - Lewis Webb
Sappho (ca. 630-ca. 570) - Carol P. Christ
Shamans in East Asia - Max Dashú
Sibyls - Kenneth Atkinson
Sun Goddess - Harald Haarmann
Writers and Poets, Ancient Mesopotamian - Therese Rodin
BAHA'I
Baha'i_Education - Selena Crosson
Divine Feminine - Susan Stiles Maneck
Gender Roles - Lynn Echevarria
Tahirih - Susan Stiles Maneck
Women in Baha'i Scriptures - Susan Stiles Maneck
BUDDHISM
Abortion - Brigitte H. Bechtold
Bodhisattvas - Brigitte H. Bechtold
Buddhism in the United States - Beverly McGuire
Dance - Miranda Shaw
Dance of Tara - Susan de-Gaia; Phyllis Moses
Engaged Buddhism - Brigitte H. Bechtold
Female Divinities - Miranda Shaw
Feminine Virtues - Pascale Engelmajer
Funeral Practices - Julie Remoiville
Gender Roles - Brigitte H. Bechtold
Guan Yin - Emily B. Simpson
Lay Women in Theravada Buddhism - Pascale Engelmajer
Mahayana - Tyler A. Lehrer
Nuns, Theravada - Roy C. Amore
Ordination - Brigitte H. Bechtold
Pajapati - Kenneth Lee
Prajnaparamita - Miranda Shaw
Sacred Texts on Women - Kenneth Lee
Soka Gakkai - James Harry Morris
Tantra - Kenneth Lee; Miranda Shaw
Tara - Miranda Shaw
Tea Ceremony - Kenneth Lee
Therigatha - Roy C. Amore
Women in Early Buddhism - Roy C. Amore
Women's Buddhist Networks - Tyler A. Lehrer
Zen - Paola Cavaliere
CHRISTIANITY
Abbesses - N. K. Crown
Abortion - Brigitte H. Bechtold
African American Women - Emily Bailey
Anglican/Episcopalian Women Religious - Amanda Haste
Apocrypha - Stephanie Peek
Art, Modern and Contemporary - Hannah Sachs
Charity - Carole Ganim
Chastity - Amanda Haste
Christianity in Africa - Allison Hahn
Christianity in Europe - Judit Erika Magyar
Christianity in Latin America - Rebecca C. Bartel
Christianity in the United States - Nicol Nixon Augusté
Christine de Pizan (ca. 1364-ca. 1430) - Bernadette McNary-Zak
Clothing - Karin J. Bohleke
Education - N. K. Crown
“The Fall” - Morgan Shipley
Founders of Christian Denominations - Amy B. Voorhees
Fundamentalism - Mary Ruth Sanders
Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) - Vivianne Crowley
Homosexuality in Early to Early Modern Christianity - Charles Carroll
Interfaith Dialogue Post 9/11, Christian and Muslim Women - Marsha Snulligan Haney
Julian of Norwich (ca. 1342-ca. 1416) - Amanda Wrenn Allen
Marriage, Divorce, and Widowhood - Amanda Haste
Mary Magdalene (ca. first century CE) - Susan de-Gaia
Middle Ages - Katherine Clark Walter
Ministers - Mary Ruth Sanders
Missionaries - Maria Gabryszewskaa
Monastic Life - Amanda Haste
Monasticism, Contemporary Women - Amanda Haste
Monasticism, Medieval Women - Carole Ganim
Mormonism - William E. Burns
Mother of God - Patricia A. Clark
Mystics - Amanda Haste; Susan de-Gaia
Orthodox Christianity - Judit Erika Magyar
Pilgrimage - N. K. Crown
Polygamy - Daniel N. Gullotta
Protestant Denominations - Mary Ruth Sanders
Relationship and Social Models in Scripture, Archaeology, and History - Riane Eisler
Roman Catholic Women Religious - Carole Ganim
Saints - Katherine Clark Walter
Sex and Gender - Katherine Clark Walter
Sophia - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Stigmatics - Cassandra Painter
Widowhood - Katherine Clark Walter
Women in Early Christianity (1 to 300 CE) - Marzia Anna Coltri
Women in the Reformation - Adam W. Darlage
Women Writers in Early and Medieval Christianity - Katherine Clark Walter
CONFUCIANISM
Books for Women - Susan de-Gaia
Classical Confucianism - Lukas K. Danner
Confucian Revivalism - Julia McClenon
Cult of Female Chastity - Josianne Leah Campbell
Feminine Virtues - Josianne Leah Campbell
Filial Piety - Yue Du
Motherhood - Julie Remoiville
Women's Changing Roles - Julie Remoiville
DAOISM
Daoism in China - Liang Zhu
Goddesses - Todd LeRoy Perreira
Healers - Julia McClenon
Priestesses, Nuns, and Ordination - Todd LeRoy Perreira
Wu Wei and the Feminine - Julia McClenon
HINDUISM
Aditi - Josianne Leah Campbell
Bhakti - Akshaya K. Rath
Caste - Deepra Dandekar
Dance - Rasheda Parveen
Devadasis - Deepra Dandekar
Devi - T. Nicole Goulet
Draupadi - Komal Agarwal
Durga and Kali - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Festivals - Laura Amazzone
Fundamentalism - T. Nicole Goulet
Gurus and Saints - Monolina Bhattacharyya
Household Shrines - Deepra Dandekar
Ideals of Womanhood - Deepra Dandekar
Lakshmi - Semontee Mitra
Marriage - Semontee Mitra
Matriliny - Akshaya K. Rath
Pilgrimage - Laura Amazzone
Prakriti - Semontee Mitra
Radha and Gopi Girls - Race MoChridhe
Renunciation - T. Nicole Goulet
Sacred Texts on Women - Semontee Mitra
Saraswati - T. Nicole Goulet
Sati - John Capucci
Shakti - Laura Amazzone
Stage-of-Life Rituals - Rupa Pillai
Tantra - Pawan Kumar
Vedic Hinduism - Komal Agarwal
Yoginis - Laura Amazzone
INDIGENOUS RELIGIONS
Activism (Native American) - Morgan Shipley
Ancestors (Native American) - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Arts (Native American) - Beata Anton
Ceremonies (Native American) - Beata Anton
Clothing (Native American) - Beata Anton
Creation Stories (Native American) - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Kinship (Native American) - Dale Stover
Marriage and Social Status (Native American) - Beata Anton
Matriarchies - Barbara Alice Mann
Medicine Women (Native American) - Morgan Shipley
Nature (Native American) - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Sacred Place (Native American) - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Sacred Spirits (Native American) - Beata Anton
Shamanism in Eurasian cultures - Harald Haarmann
Shamans in Korea - Laurel Kendall
Women Warriors (Native American) - David Dry
ISLAM
Coverings - Sana Tayyen
Diaspora - Valentina Fedele
Druze Religion - Yusri Khaizran
Education - Ali A. Olomi
Fatima (605/615-632 CE) - Valentina Fedele
Female Genital Mutilation - Victoria Team
Feminism - Rannveig Haga
Hagar - Sana Tayyen
Hawwa - Tamara Agha-Jaffar
Honor - Barbara Lois Helms
Ideal Woman - Elisabetta Iob
Islam in Africa - Lady Jane Acquah
Islam in America - Alexandra Méabh Brandon
Islam in Europe - Adriana Teodorescu
Islam in the Middle East - Farhana Rahman
Marriage and Divorce - Sana Tayyen
Maryam - Tamara Agha-Jaffar
Peacemaking - Lailatul Fitriyah
Pilgrimage - Sana Tayyen
Polygamy - Farhana Rahman
Prophets Wives - Farhana Rahman
Purdah - Farhana Rahman
Qur'an and Hadith - Farhana Rahman
Reform - Sana Tayyen
Saints, Sufi - Barbara Lois Helms
Shari'a - Sana Tayyen
Sufism - Shahida
Women's Organizations - Sana Tayyen
JAINISM
Female Deities - Semontee Mitra
Jina - Gregory M. Clines
Lay Women - Susan de-Gaia
Monastics and Nuns - Gregory M. Clines
Ritual - Asha Mukherjee
JUDAISM
American Denominations: 1850 to Present - Susan Roth Breitzer
Ancient Judaism - Kenneth Atkinson
Art - Hannah Sachs
Bat Mitzvah Penina Adelman
Education - Lena Roos
Feminist and Women's Movements - Ruth Margolies Beitler
Festivals and Holy Days - John W. Fadden
Food - Lena Roos
Goddesses - Rabbi Jill Hammer
Hasidism - Morgan Shipley
Hebrew Bible - John W. Fadden
Holocaust - Rochelle G. Saidel
Israel - Ruth Margolies Beitler
Judaism in Europe - Lena Roos
Judaism in the United States - Susan Roth Breitzer
Kabbalah - Morgan Shipley
Lilith - Kohennet D'vorah J. Grenn
Marriage and Divorce - Ruth Margolies Beitler
Midrash - Sandy Eisenberg Sasso
Mitzvah - Rabbi Ilana Goldhaber-Gordon
Modern and Contemporary Judaism - Susan Roth Breitzer
Peacemaking - Adele Valeria Messina
Performance - Julia Pascal
Priestesses - Kohennet D'vorah J. Grenn
Rabbis - John W. Fadden
Rosh Hodesh - Susan Berrin
Salome Alexandra (d. 67 BCE) - Kenneth Atkinson
Sephardic and Mizrachi Judaisms - Lena Roos
Sex and Gender - Lena Roos
Shabbat (Sabbath) - Amy L. Balogh
Synagogue - Hannah Mayne
Women and Work - Susan Roth Breitzer
PAGANISM
Druidry - Race MoChridhe
Eco-Paganism - Clara Schoonmaker
Heathenry - Race MoChridhe
Magic - Kathryn LaFevers Evans (Three Eagles)
Paganism - Race MoChridhe
Priestesses and Elders - Race MoChridhe
Reconstructionist Paganism - William E. Burns
Ritual - Ruth Barrett
Seasonal Festivals - Michelle Claire White
Wicca - Vivianne Crowley
PREHISTORIC RELIGIONS
Burials - Allison Hahn
Crete Religion and Culture - Carol P. Christ
Gimbutas, Marija (1921-1994) and Religions of Old Europe - Joan Marler
Guardian Spirits in Eurasian cultures - Harald Haarmann
Neolithic Female Figures - Miriam Robbins Dexter
Sacred Script - Harald Haarmann
Shamanism - Allison Hahn
Upper Paleolithic Female Figures - Miriam Robbins Dexter
Women in Prehistoric Religious Practices - Joan Marler
SHINTO
Amaterasu Omikami - Emily B. Simpson
Feminine Virtues - Judit Erika Magyar
Filial Piety - Judit Erika Magyar
Founders of New Religious Movements - Paola Cavaliere
Kami - Emily B. Simpson
Kinship and Marriage - Judit Erika Magyar
Priestesses - Emily B. Simpson
Shamans and Ritualists - Emily B. Simpson
Shinto Weddings - Judit Erika Magyar
State Shinto - Judit Erika Magyar
Tenrikyo - Paola Cavaliere
SIKHISM
Art and Performance - Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh
Feminist Issues in Sikhism - Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh
Guru Period - Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh
Ritual and Festival, Women's' Roles - Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh
Sikh Scripture and Women - Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh
SPIRITUALITY
Art and Performance - Lauren Raine
Astrology - William E. Burns
Deep Ecology - Rachel York-Bridgers
Divination - Morgan Shipley
Drumming - Annette Williams
Ecofeminism - Susan de-Gaia
Goddess Spirituality - Patricia Rose
Green Funerals - Aubrey Thamann
Healers - Jennifer Butler
Kirtan - Emily Bailey
Meditation - Susan de-Gaia
Pilgrimage, Goddess - Carol P. Christ
Radical Women's Spirituality - Vicki Noble
Sex and Gender - Katherine Clark Walter
Sheela na gigs - Starr Goode
Spiritualism - William E. Burns
Spirituality and Gender in Social Context - Riane Eisler
Syncretism - Emily Bailey
Women of Color - Arisika Razak
Yoga - Rachel York-Bridgers
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